Structure de pions

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Pions doublés	—	—
Pions isolés	—	—
Arriérés	—	—
Chaînes	—	● f7→g6, h7→g6
Passés	—	—
Majorité	—	—

Cases

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Cases fortes	● b5 (3v0)	● e4 (2v1), ● g4 (2v0), ● f5 (2v0)
Cases faibles	—	● d5
Centre	● e5 (1v0)	● e4 (2v1)

Colonnes et diagonales

♔ Blancs

♚ Noirs

Pièces

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Bc1	● Bc1 Non développé (mob. 5)
Bf1	● Bf1 Non développé (mob. 0)
Bc8		● Bc8 Non développé (mob. 5)
Bf8		● Bf8 Non développé (mob. 2)
Paire de fous	● Oui	● Oui
Non développées	5 (● g1, ● c1, ● f1, ● a1, ● h1)	5 (● b8, ● c8, ● f8, ● a8, ● h8)

Sécurité du roi

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Statut	● Au centre	● Au centre
Droits de roque	O-O / O-O-O	O-O / O-O-O

Thèmes

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Phase	Ouverture
Centre	fermé
Ruptures	—	● …e7-e5

D81a — Gruenfeld: Early Russian Variation

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Qb3 * ● Trait aux Noirs

Ouverture — Centre fermé

♔ Point de vue Blancs

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

abcdefgh

Plans. cxd5 (Capture en d5, Occuper le centre — 4 % des parties) ; Nf3 (Développer g1 — 2 % des parties).

♚ Point de vue Noirs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

hgfedcba

Plans. ...dxc4 (Capture en c4, Frapper le centre adverse — 90 % des parties) ; ...c6 (Renforcer le centre — 8 % des parties).

Avantages

Faiblesses

Diagonale active

Plans

Partie
1935 Moskou – Round 16 – Levenfish, Grigory – 1/2-1/2 – Flohr, Salo – G78 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. Bg5 Bg7 6. e3 O-O 7. cxd5 Nxd5 8. Nxd5 cxd5 9. Ne2 Qa5+ 10. Nc3 e6
1935 Moskou – Round 18 – Levenfish, Grigory – 1/2-1/2 – Spielmann, Rudolf – G87 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e3 Nb6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 Be6 9. Qc2 Bc4 10. O-O O-O
1935 Moskou – Round 19 – Flohr, Salo – 1/2-1/2 – Alatortsev, Vladimir N. – G91 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. Bg5 Bg7 6. e3 O-O 7. Nf3 Qa5 8. cxd5 Nxd5 9. Bc4 e6 10. O-O Nxc3
1936 BCF Ch 29. Major Open A – Round 5 – Landau, Salo – 1-0 – Acebey Michel, Veroska – G9 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nb6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Bf4 O-O 9. Be2 Be6 10. Qc2 N8d7
1936 Trade Unions – Round ? – Zagoriansky, Evgeny – 0-1 – Belavenets, Sergey – G35 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. Bg5 dxc4 6. Qxc4 b5 7. Qd3 Bf5 8. Qd1 b4 9. Na4 Ne4 10. Nf3 Bg7
1937 Hastings3738 – Round 1 – Reshevsky, Samuel – 1-0 – Mikenas, Vladas – G1 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. Bf4 dxc4 6. Qxc4 Be6 7. Qd3 Nd5 8. Nxd5 cxd5 9. Qb5+ Qd7 10. e3 Qxb5
1937 Kemeri – Round 1 – Feygin, Michael – 0-1 – Mikenas, Vladas – G59 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. Bg5 dxc4 6. Qxc4 Be6 7. Qd3 Nd5 8. Nf3 Qa5 9. g3 Nb4 10. Qd2 Bb3
1939 Leningrad/Moscow – Round 16 – Makogonov, Vladimir – 1/2-1/2 – Lilienthal, Andor – G118 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nb6 7. Be3 Bg7 8. Rd1 O-O 9. Nf3 Be6 10. d5 cxd5
1939 Leningrad/Moscow – Round 4 – Lilienthal, Andor – 1/2-1/2 – Reshevsky, Samuel – G29 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nb6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Bf4 O-O 9. Rd1 Be6 10. Qc2 Bg4
1939 Leningrad/Moscow – Round 5 – Reshevsky, Samuel – 1/2-1/2 – Flohr, Salo – G4 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nb6 7. Be3 Bg7 8. Rd1 O-O 9. Be2 Be6 10. d5 cxd5
1945 Pan American – Round 1 – Fine, Reuben – 1/2-1/2 – Reshevsky, Samuel – G22 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nb6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Qd1 O-O 9. h3 Qc7 10. Be2 Rd8
1949 URS Ch, semi final – Round 5 – Makogonov, Vladimir – 1-0 – Nezhmetdinov, Rashid – G49 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nb6 7. Be3 Bg7 8. Rd1 O-O 9. Be2 Be6 10. d5 cxd5
1963 Pan American Ch – Round 8 – Cobo Arteaga, Eldis – 1/2-1/2 – Calero Nino, Camilo – G34 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nxc3 7. bxc3 Bg7 8. Be3 O-O 9. Be2 Nd7 10. Nf3 Nf6
1963 Piatigorsky Cup – Round 13 – Keres, Paul – 1-0 – Olafsson, Fridrik – G29 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3 c6 5. cxd5 cxd5 6. Nf3 Nc6 7. Bg5 Na5 8. Qd1 Bg7 9. e3 Ne4 10. Nxe4 dxe4

D81a — Russian Variation, Accelerated Variation (1935)

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Qb3

Les coups candidats

4…dxc4 — 92.7% (1415 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Ferre Pérez, Alberto (18x), Babula, Vlastimil (11x), Yakovich, Yuri (10x), De la Calle, Israel (10x), Sadzikowski, Daniel (10x), Aleksandrov, Viktor A. (9x), Zakharchenko, Alexander (8x), Potpara, Nikola (7x)

4…c6 — 5.5% (84 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Malich, Burkhard, Dr. (2x), Ree, Hans (2x), Csizmadia, Csaba (2x), Cyfka, Karina (2x), Hayes, Richard Thomas (1x), Zalys, Ignas (1x), Fairhurst, William (1x), Walsh, Chris (1x)

4…Bg7 — 0.6% (9 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Karolyi, Tibor (1x), Ivanchuk, Vasyl (1x), Jenkins, Keith (1x), Ferris, Shaun (1x), Aleksandrov, Viktor A. (1x), Sakalauskas, Vaidas (1x), Wcislo, Damian (1x), Kowalski, Lukasz (1x)

4…e6 — 0.6% (9 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Hahn, Alexander (1x), Weiss, Ernst (1x), Daniluk, Jerzy (1x), Myslowski, Karol (1x), Windelband, Jens (1x), Korchagina, Viktoria (1x), Horak, Karel (1x), Knize, Vaclav (1x)

Analyse statistique des coups candidats

Répartition par niveau Elo (% des parties)

Tranche Elo	N parties	4…dxc4	4…c6	4…Bg7	4…e6
<1800	74	85%	11%	3%	1%
1800-2200	614	91%	7%	0%	1%
2200-2600	573	96%	2%	1%	—
2600+	67	99%	—	—	—

Évolution par décennie (% des parties)

Décennie	N parties	4…dxc4	4…c6	4…Bg7	4…e6
1950s	19	89%	11%	—	—
1960s	41	90%	10%	—	—
1970s	28	82%	11%	—	7%
1980s	27	81%	15%	4%	—
1990s	134	93%	6%	—	—
2000s	361	92%	5%	1%	1%
2010s	748	93%	5%	1%	1%
2020s	169	96%	4%	—	1%

Tendances récentes (2010s → 2020s)

Coup	2010s	2020s	Δ
4…dxc4	93%	96%	▲ +2.7%
4…c6	5%	4%	▼ -1.7%
4…Bg7	1%	0%	▼ -0.5%
4…e6	1%	1%	+0.1%

Joueurs célèbres

Champions du monde dans cette position

Carlsen, Magnus — 3 parties
Botvinnik, Mikhail — 2 parties
Kramnik, Vladimir — 1 partie

Parties historiques

4…dxc4 — 92.7% (1415 parties)

1950 — Bolbochan, Jacobo vs Pilnik, Herman — 1/2-1/2 — Mar del Plata ARG
1950 — Hendricks, Benjamin vs CHUKS, Smith Daniel — 0-1 — Atascadero, CA
1950 — Bely, Miklos vs Molnar, Istvan — 0-1 — Budapest HUN
1951 — Troianescu, Octav vs Partyka, Kazimierz — 1-0 — Sopot
1951 — Donovan, Jeremiah vs Bills, William — 1-0 — Forth Worth

4…c6 — 5.5% (84 parties)

1950 — Hayes, Richard Thomas vs Zalys, Ignas — 0-1 — cr Golden Knights
1958 — Fairhurst, William vs Walsh, Chris — 1-0 — Munich GER
1963 — Cobo Arteaga, Eldis vs Calero, Carlos — 1/2-1/2 — Havana CUB
1963 — Keres, Paul vs Olafsson, Fridrik — 1-0 — Los Angeles, CA USA
1964 — Musolino, Anna vs Silli, Ana-Maria — 0-1 — corr Italy

4…Bg7 — 0.6% (9 parties)

1988 — Karolyi, Tibor vs Ivanchuk, Vasyl — 0-1 — Lvov UKR
2002 — Jenkins, Keith vs Ferris, Shaun — 1-0 — Melbourne AUS
2006 — Le Roux, Jean-Pierre vs Pedersen, Jan Rode — 1-0 — Hastings ENG
2008 — Wcislo, Damian vs Kowalski, Lukasz — 1-0 — Gorzow Wielkopolski
2009 — Aleksandrov, Viktor A. vs Sakalauskas, Vaidas — 1-0 — Warsaw POL

4…e6 — 0.6% (9 parties)

1977 — Hahn, Alexander vs Weiss, Ernst — 1-0 — corr ch-DDR
1978 — Daniluk, Jerzy vs Myslowski, Karol — 1-0 — Warsaw POL
2005 — Windelband, Jens vs Korchagina, Viktoria — 1-0 — St Petersburg RUS
2005 — Horak, Karel vs Knize, Vaclav — 1/2-1/2 — Sec u Chrudimi
2012 — Blinchevsky, Alexander vs Andrucis, Maris — 1-0 — FICGS

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