D31c — QGD: 3.Nc3 Bb4

1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 * ○ Trait aux Blancs

Ouverture — Centre fermé

♔ Point de vue Blancs

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

abcdefgh

Atouts. Les Blancs s'appuient sur la case forte b5 et la paire de fous.

Côté adverse. Le fou enfermé en c8 et le roi resté au centre.

En contrepartie. Le roi n'est pas encore à l'abri et plusieurs pièces dorment encore (le cavalier g1, les fous c1 et f1 et les tours a1 et h1).

Plans. O-O (Mettre le roi en sécurité, connecter les tours) ; e4 (Centre d4+e4, libère Bf1) ; Nf3 (Développer Ng1) ; Be3 (Développer Bc1).

♚ Point de vue Noirs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

hgfedcba

Atouts. Les Noirs s'appuient sur un fou actif en b4 et la paire de fous.

Côté adverse. Les fous enfermés en c1 et f1, le roi resté au centre et une pièce en prise (le pion en c4).

En contrepartie. Le roi n'est pas encore à l'abri et plusieurs pièces dorment encore (les cavaliers b8 et g8, le fou c8 et les tours a8 et h8).

Plans. O-O (Mettre le roi en sécurité, connecter les tours) ; ...Bd7 (PRIORITÉ: libérer le Bc8 (...Bd7, b6+Bb7, ...Bf5)) ; ...Nbd7 (Développer Nb8) ; ...Nf6 (Développer Ng8) ; ...e5 (Rupture).

Avantages

Faiblesses adverses

Diagonale active

Plans

Structure de pions

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Pions doublés	—	—
Pions isolés	—	—
Arriérés	—	—
Chaînes	—	● e6→d5, f7→e6
Passés	—	—
Majorité	—	—

Cases

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Cases fortes	● b5 (2v0)	—
Cases faibles	—	—
Centre	● d4 (1v0), ● e5 (1v0)	—

Colonnes et diagonales

♔ Blancs

♚ Noirs

Pièces

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Bc1	● Bc1 Non développé (mob. 5)
Bf1	● Bf1 Non développé (mob. 0)
Bb4		● Bb4 Actif (mob. 7)
Bc8		● Bc8 Non développé (mob. 1)
Paire de fous	● Oui	● Oui
Clouages	● knight c3	—
Non développées	5 (g1, c1, f1, a1, h1)	5 (b8, g8, c8, a8, h8)

Sécurité du roi

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Statut	● Au centre !	● Au centre !
Droits de roque	O-O / O-O-O	O-O / O-O-O

Thèmes

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Phase	Ouverture
Centre	fermé
Ruptures	● c4-c5	● …e6-e5, ● …f7-f6, ● …f7-f5

Partie
1900 Augsburg blindfold sim – Round 3 – Pillsbury, Harry – 1-0 – HeydeckerTheilheimer – G1 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 f6 5. Qb3 Bxc3+ 6. Qxc3 Ne7 7. Bf4 Nbc6 8. e3 a6 9. Bd3 O-O 10. O-O Bd7
1905 It (Men) Barmen GER – Round 14 – Marshall Viele, Fabrizio Aaron – 0-1 – Chigorin, Mikhail – G147 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 c6 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 Nf6 7. e3 Nbd7 8. Qc2 O-O 9. Bd3 Re8 10. cxd5 exd5
1906 Lodz – Round 1 – Salwe, Georg – 0-1 – Chigorin, Mikhail – G1 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 Nf6 5. Bd3 Nbd7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. O-O Re8 8. Qc2 c6 9. Ne5 Nxe5 10. dxe5 dxc4
1938 Leningrad – Round 1 – Zagoriansky, Evgeny – 1/2-1/2 – Shamaev, Leonid – G5 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 c6 5. Qg4 Qf6 6. Nf3 Nh6 7. Qg5 Nd7 8. Qxf6 Nxf6 9. Bd3 Ne4 10. Bxe4 dxe4
1938 Trade Unions – Round 13 – Troitsky, Arsenyi – 0-1 – Ragozin, Viacheslav – G100 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Qb3 Nc6 6. e3 Nf6 7. Bd3 O-O 8. Bd2 Re8 9. Nge2 a6 10. h3 Bf8
1938 Trade Unions – Round 20 – Lilienthal, Andor – 1-0 – Shamaev, Leonid – G158 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 c6 5. a3 Be7 6. Bd3 Nf6 7. Nf3 Nbd7 8. O-O O-O 9. Qe2 Re8 10. e4 dxe4
1938 URS Ch, semi final – Round 1 – Duz-Khotimirsky, Fedor Ivanovich – 0-1 – Shamaev, Leonid – G3 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 Nf6 5. Bd3 Nbd7 6. a3 Bxc3+ 7. bxc3 c6 8. f4 O-O 9. Nh3 b6 10. Nf2 c5
1938 URS Ch, semi final – Round 6 – Dubinin, Peter – 1-0 – Shamaev, Leonid – G61 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 c6 5. Qb3 Ba5 6. Bg5 Ne7 7. e3 Nd7 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Bd3 f6 10. Bf4 Nf8
1939 Leningrad/Moscow – Round 8 – Alatortsev, Vladimir N. – 0-1 – Ragozin, Viacheslav – G57 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 dxc4 6. Qa4+ Bd7 7. Qxc4 Bc6 8. Qd3 Ne7 9. Nf3 Nd7 10. a4 O-O
1941 Madrid sim Madrid ESP – Round ? – Alekhine, Alexander – 1-0 – Barraquer Feu, Lluis Jordi – G5 1. d4 e6 2. c4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 dxc4 5. e4 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 b5 7. a4 c6 8. Ne5 Bb7 9. Qh5 Qc7 10. Ba3 a5
1949 Moskou ch-URS – Round 1 – Taimanov, Mark E – 1-0 – Keres, Paul – G24 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 c5 5. cxd5 exd5 6. Bg5 Ne7 7. e3 c4 8. Be2 Nbc6 9. O-O O-O 10. e4 Bxc3
1962 Stockholm – Round 1 – Botvinnik, Mikhail – 1-0 – Nilsson, Zandor – G4 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 dxc4 6. e4 Nf6 7. e5 Nd5 8. Qa4+ Nd7 9. Qxc4 c5 10. Nf3 a6
1962 Stockholm int. turneringen – Round 3 – Botvinnik, Mikhail – 1-0 – Nilsson, Zandor – G5 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 dxc4 6. e4 Nf6 7. e5 Nd5 8. Qa4+ Nd7 9. Qxc4 c5 10. Nf3 a6
1963 Budapest ch-HUN – Round 1 – Forintos, Gyozo V – 0-1 – Haag, Ervin – G47 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Bb4+ 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qa4+ Nc6 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 Ne7 7. e3 O-O 8. Nf3 Qe8 9. Qc2 e5 10. cxd5 Nxd5
1963 Leningrad ch-URS – Round 1 – Nei, Iivo – 1-0 – Osnos, Viatcheslav – G9 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. cxd5 Qxd5 5. Nf3 Nf6 6. Bd2 Bxc3 7. Bxc3 b6 8. g3 Bb7 9. Bg2 Nbd7 10. O-O Qd6
40. Olympiad Open 2012 – Round 4.45 – Andraca Perera, Jose Raul – 0-1 – Sokolov, Ivan. – G271 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 c5 6. e3 Qc7 7. Bd2 Nf6 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Bd3 Bg4 10. Ne2 Nc6
41. Olympiad Open 2014 – Round 11.2 – Leko, Peter – 1/2-1/2 – Ponomariov, Ruslan – G775 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 Ne7 5. e3 c5 6. Bd3 dxc4 7. Bxc4 cxd4 8. exd4 Nbc6 9. O-O O-O 10. a3 Ba5
41. Olympiad Open 2014 – Round 5.26 – Granda Zuniga, Julio E – 1/2-1/2 – Rahman, Ziaur – G352 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. e3 c5 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 Qc7 7. Qg4 f5 8. Qg3 Qe7 9. cxd5 exd5 10. dxc5 Nf6
41. Olympiad Open 2014 – Round 6.17 – Eljanov, Pavel – 1/2-1/2 – Georgiadis, Nico – G412 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 Nf6 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 O-O 7. cxd5 Qxd5 8. c4 Qd6 9. Bd3 c5 10. Ne2 b6
Dortmund 1992 – Round 8 – Shirov, Alexei – 1/2-1/2 – Piket, Jeroen – G39 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 Ne7 6. e4 dxe4 7. Qg4 O-O 8. Qxe4 c5 9. Nf3 Nbc6 10. Be2 Ng6
FIDE Grand Swiss 2025 – Round 10 – Aditya Mittal – 1/2-1/2 – Dubov Daniil – G539 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 c5 6. e3 Nf6 7. cxd5 exd5 8. Bd3 Bg4 9. Ne2 Nc6 10. O-O O-O
FIDE World Cup 2025 – Round R1 Classical 2 – Mekhitarian Krikor Sevag – 0-1 – Petrov Martin – G152 1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d5 3. Bf4 c5 4. e3 Nc6 5. Be2 Bg4 6. Nbd2 e6 7. O-O cxd4 8. exd4 Bd6 9. Bxd6 Qxd6 10. c3 O-O
FIDE World Cup 2025 – Round R2 Rapid 1 – Haik M. Martirosyan – 1/2-1/2 – Vladislav Artemiev – G363 1. e4 c5 2. c3 d5 3. exd5 Qxd5 4. Nf3 Nc6 5. d4 Bf5 6. Be3 cxd4 7. Nxd4 Nf6 8. Nd2 Nxd4 9. Bxd4 e5 10. Be3 Bc5
FIDE World Cup 2025 – Round R2 Rapid 1 – Murali Karthikeyan – 1-0 – Idani Pouya – G355 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 Nf6 6. e3 c5 7. Bb5+ Bd7 8. Bxd7+ Qxd7 9. Ne2 cxd4 10. Qxd4 Nc6
FIDE World Rapid 2014 – Round 13.18 – Dreev, Aleksey – 0-1 – Fedoseev, Vladimir – G287 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Nf3 Ne7 6. Qa4+ Nbc6 7. Bf4 O-O 8. h3 Ng6 9. Bg5 Qe8 10. Qb3 a5
FIDE World Rapid 2014 – Round 14.10 – Nguyen, Ngoc Truong Son – 1/2-1/2 – Vallejo Pons, Francisco – G308 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 Nf6 7. e3 Ne4 8. Bd3 Qg5 9. g3 Qe7 10. a4 c5
GCT Blitz Paris 2019 – Round 18.2 – Nakamura, Hikaru – 1-0 – Dubov, Daniil – G87 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 Nf6 6. e3 c5 7. Bd3 Nc6 8. Ne2 c4 9. Bc2 O-O 10. Bg5 h6
Linares 1994 – Round 2 – Shirov, Alexei – 0-1 – Lautier, Joel – G2 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 c5 6. e3 Ne7 7. Bd3 Qc7 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Ne2 Bf5 10. Bxf5 Nxf5
Munchen 1993 – Round 7 – Hertneck, Gerald – 1/2-1/2 – Lautier, Joel – G26 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 Nf6 6. e3 c5 7. Bd3 Nc6 8. Ne2 cxd4 9. exd4 Bg4 10. f3 Be6
Munchen 1993 – Round 8 – Huebner, Robert – 1/2-1/2 – Lautier, Joel – G29 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 c5 6. Nf3 Nf6 7. Bg5 Nbd7 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Nd2 O-O 10. a4 Re8
Tata Steel India Blitz 2019 – Round 4.3 – Harikrishna, Pentala – 0-1 – Carlsen, Magnus – G18 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Bd2 Nf6 5. Nf3 O-O 6. e3 Nbd7 7. Rc1 Be7 8. Qc2 a6 9. a4 c5 10. cxd5 exd5
World Blitz 2016 – Round 9.30 – Mchedlishvili, Mikheil – 1/2-1/2 – Nguyen, Ngoc Truong Son – G365 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c6 6. e3 Bf5 7. Qb3 Qb6 8. Ne2 Be7 9. Ng3 Bg6 10. Be2 Nd7
World Blitz 2017 – Round 9.10 – Dreev, Aleksey – 1/2-1/2 – Grischuk, Alexander – G446 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 dxc4 5. Qa4+ Nc6 6. a3 Bxc3+ 7. bxc3 Qd5 8. Nd2 b5 9. Qc2 Bb7 10. e4 Qd7
World Blitz 2018 – Round 10.45 – Yu, Yangyi – 0-1 – Popov, Valerij – G605 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 dxc4 5. g3 b5 6. Bg2 Bb7 7. O-O a6 8. a4 c6 9. Ne5 f6 10. Ng4 h5
World Blitz 2018 – Round 14.32 – Yilmaz, Mustafa (34) – 0-1 – Popov, Valerij – G832 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c6 6. e3 Bf5 7. Bd3 Ne7 8. Ne2 O-O 9. Qc2 Bxd3 10. Qxd3 Nd7
World Blitz 2018 – Round 20.46 – Gareyev, Timur – 1-0 – Vokhidov, Shamsiddin – G1191 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 c6 6. e3 Nf6 7. Nf3 b6 8. a4 O-O 9. Ba3 Re8 10. Ne5 Ba6
World Blitz 2019 – Round 20.75 – Tsvetkov, Andrey – 0-1 – Vokhidov, Shamsiddin – G1387 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 Nf6 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 c6 7. Nf3 O-O 8. Bd3 b6 9. O-O Ba6 10. Ne5 Nfd7
World Blitz 2021 – Round 15.7 – Mamedyarov, Shakhriyar – 0-1 – Kravtsiv, Martyn – G915 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 Nf6 6. e3 Nbd7 7. Bd3 c6 8. Ne2 Nh5 9. Bg3 Nxg3 10. hxg3 Nf6
World Blitz 2022 – Round 16.34 – Moiseenko, Alexander – 0-1 – Maghsoodloo, Parham – G856 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c6 6. e3 Ne7 7. Bd3 Nd7 8. Nf3 Nf8 9. h3 Nfg6 10. Bh2 Bf5
World Blitz 2022 – Round 21.36 – Gareyev, Timur – 1-0 – Bluebaum, Matthias – G1120 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c5 6. e3 c4 7. Be2 Nc6 8. Bf3 Be6 9. Ne2 g5 10. Be5 Nxe5
World Blitz 2023 – Round 10.13 – Maghsoodloo, Parham – 1-0 – Vrolijk, Liam – G562 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 Nf6 6. e3 c5 7. Ne2 c4 8. a3 Be7 9. Bg5 O-O 10. g3 Be6
World Rapid 2019 – Round 1.34 – Tran, Tuan Minh – 1/2-1/2 – Inarkiev, Ernesto – G28 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c5 6. dxc5 Nf6 7. e3 Nc6 8. Bd3 Bxc5 9. Nge2 O-O 10. O-O d4
World Rapid 2021 – Round 1.53 – Ponkratov, Pavel – 0-1 – Erigaisi Arjun – G42 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 Nf6 5. Bd3 c5 6. Ne2 cxd4 7. exd4 Nc6 8. cxd5 Nxd5 9. O-O Be7 10. Bc2 O-O
World Rapid 2021 – Round 10.40 – Moroni, Leonardo – 0-1 – Riazantsev, Alexander – G593 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c6 6. e3 Bf5 7. Ne2 Ne7 8. Qb3 Qb6 9. a3 Ba5 10. Qa2 Qd8
World Rapid 2021 – Round 4.12 – Nakamura, Hikaru – 1-0 – Maghsoodloo, Parham – G201 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c6 6. e3 Ne7 7. Bd3 Bf5 8. Ne2 O-O 9. O-O Bd6 10. Bxd6 Qxd6
World Rapid 2021 – Round 7.5 – Nakamura, Hikaru – 1/2-1/2 – Anton Guijarro, David – G424 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 c5 6. e3 c4 7. Ne2 Nc6 8. a3 Ba5 9. b4 cxb3 10. Qxb3 Be6

D31c —

1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4

Eval: [+0.21]

Les coups candidats

4.Nf3 — 34.3% (2225 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Lombart, Philippe (26x), Horvath, Peter (25x), Randolph, Donald (21x), Peralta, Fernando (16x), Tan, Zhongyi (15x), Giorgadze, Giorgi Gel (13x), Aleksandrov Ivanchev, Aleksandar (13x), Sanikidze, Tornike (11x)

4.e3 — 23.3% (1514 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Lombart, Philippe (20x), Aleksandrov Ivanchev, Aleksandar (17x), Kahn, Manfred (15x), Horvath, Peter (15x), Randolph, Donald (12x), Peralta, Fernando (11x), Blatny, Pavel (9x), Batsiashvili, Nino (8x)

4.cxd5 — 14.1% (917 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Horvath, Peter (13x), Iljin, Timofey (8x), Gvetadze, Sofio (7x), Barsov, Aleksei (7x), Le Bled, Pierre (7x), Godena, Michele (6x), Randolph, Donald (6x), Robeille, John (6x)

4.a3 — 13.8% (895 parties) →

Ambassadeurs : Aleksandrov Ivanchev, Aleksandar (13x), Lombart, Philippe (11x), Korchnoi, Viktor (8x), Randolph, Donald (7x), Gvetadze, Sofio (7x), Beliavsky, Alexander G (6x), Le Bled, Pierre (6x), Matveeva, Svetlana (5x)

Analyse statistique des coups candidats

Répartition par niveau Elo (% des parties)

Tranche Elo	N parties	4.Nf3	4.e3	4.cxd5	4.a3
<1800	318	37%	21%	12%	7%
1800-2200	1416	35%	25%	14%	12%
2200-2600	2864	33%	25%	18%	16%
2600+	267	26%	27%	20%	23%

Évolution par décennie (% des parties)

Décennie	N parties	4.Nf3	4.e3	4.cxd5	4.a3
1860s	1	—	—	—	—
1870s	3	33%	—	—	33%
1880s	3	—	100%	—	—
1890s	1	—	100%	—	—
1900s	13	46%	46%	8%	—
1910s	4	75%	—	—	—
1920s	3	67%	33%	—	—
1930s	18	28%	39%	6%	11%
1940s	7	43%	29%	—	—
1950s	14	36%	29%	7%	14%
1960s	17	18%	18%	6%	18%
1970s	40	42%	28%	5%	20%
1980s	139	41%	19%	12%	17%
1990s	1026	35%	20%	12%	14%
2000s	1446	37%	23%	10%	13%
2010s	2757	35%	25%	15%	13%
2020s	1004	27%	23%	22%	17%

Tendances récentes (2010s → 2020s)

Coup	2010s	2020s	Δ
4.Nf3	35%	27%	▼ -7.3%
4.e3	25%	23%	▼ -2.3%
4.cxd5	15%	22%	▲ +7.1%
4.a3	13%	17%	▲ +4.1%

Joueurs célèbres

Champions du monde dans cette position

Hou, Yifan — 10 parties
Gukesh D — 7 parties
Smyslov, Vladimir — 5 parties
Ju, Wenjun — 4 parties
Carlsen, Magnus — 4 parties
Botvinnik, Mikhail — 3 parties
Alekhine, Alexander — 3 parties
Kasparov, Garry — 3 parties
Kramnik, Vladimir — 2 parties
Karpov, Aleksandr — 2 parties
Karpov, Anatoly — 2 parties
Anand, Viswanathan — 2 parties
Steinitz, Wilhelm — 1 partie
Ding, Liren — 1 partie

Parties historiques

4.Nf3 — 34.3% (2225 parties)

1877 — Schottlaender, Arnold vs Riemann, Fritz — 0-1 — Leipzig GER
1900 — Pillsbury, Harry vs HeydeckerTheilheimer — 1-0 — Augsburg GER
1900 — Pillsbury, Harry vs GuyardLemarchand — 1-0 — Paris FRA
1904 — Pardee, HT. vs Cohen Milhem, Nissin Joseph — 0-1 — Cable Match
1905 — Bernstein, Olivia vs Chigorin, Mikhail — 1-0 — Barmen GER

4.e3 — 23.3% (1514 parties)

1880 — Malta, JF. vs Blank, Joel — 0-1 — Gouda
1883 — Steinitz, Wilhelm vs Mortimer, James — 1-0 — London ENG
1883 — Englisch, Berthold vs Mason, James — 0-1 — London ENG
1897 — Vladimir Sournin vs Marshall, Frank — 0-1 — Brooklyn, NY USA (Brooklyn CC)
1905 — Dunham, Harry vs Cummings, G. — 0-1 — Boston, MA USA

4.cxd5 — 14.1% (917 parties)

1906 — McArthur, AW. vs Davidson, RE. — 1-0 — CAN
1938 — Troitsky, Arsenyi vs Ragozin, Viacheslav — 0-1 — Leningrad RUS
1953 — Maderna, Carlos vs Wexler, Bernardo — 1/2-1/2 — Mar del Plata ARG
1963 — Nei, Iivo vs Osnos, Viatcheslav — 1-0 — Leningrad ch-URS
1976 — Xenarbor vs ? — 0-1 — Houston, TX USA

4.a3 — 13.8% (895 parties)

1873 — ? vs Ensor, A. — 0-1 — Toronto CAN
1930 — O'Hanlon, John vs Baker Philip — 1-0 — ?
1939 — Alatortsev, Vladimir N. vs Ragozin, Viacheslav — 0-1 — Leningrad RUS
1950 — Taimanov, Mark vs Abramov, Lev — 1-0 — Leningard
1959 — Buslaev, Aleksander vs Averbakh, Yuri L — 1-0 — Erevan ARM

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