Structure de pions

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Pions doublés	—	—
Pions isolés	—	—
Arriérés	—	—
Chaînes	● g2→f3, f3→e4	● b7→a6, f7→e6, g7→h6
Passés	—	—
Majorité	● aile dame 3v2	—

Cases

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Cases fortes	—	—
Cases faibles	—	● d6
Centre	● d4 (1v0)	—

Colonnes et diagonales

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Semi-ouvertes	● d	● c

Pièces

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Bf1	● Bf1 Non développé (mob. 5)
Bf4	● Bf4 Actif (mob. 6)
Bc6		● Bc6 Actif (mob. 5)
Bf8		● Bf8 Non développé (mob. 1)
Paire de fous	● Oui	● Oui
Non développées	2 (● f1, ● h1)	3 (● f8, ● a8, ● h8)

Sécurité du roi

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Statut	● Roqué	● Au centre !
Droits de roque	—	O-O / O-O-O

Thèmes

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Phase	Ouverture
Centre	mobile
Ruptures	● e4-e5	● …d6-d5

B66h — Sicilian: Richter-Rauzer, 7…a6 8.O-O-O h6 9.Bf4, 11.f3

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6 7.Qd2 a6 8.O-O-O h6 9.Bf4 Bd7 10.Nxc6 Bxc6 11.f3 * ● Trait aux Noirs

Ouverture — Centre mobile

♔ Point de vue Blancs

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

abcdefgh

Plan principal. Attaque sur le roi adverse resté au centre.

Atouts. Les Blancs s'appuient sur une majorité de pions à l'aile dame (3 contre 2), un fou actif en f4 et la colonne semi-ouverte d.

Côté adverse. Le roi resté au centre.

En contrepartie. Plusieurs pièces dorment encore (le fou f1 et la tour h1).

Plans. Qe1 (Pression sur colonne e — 56 % des parties) ; Bc4 (Fou actif (mobilité 8), Développer f1 — 15 % des parties) ; Be3 (Fou actif (mobilité 9) — 11 % des parties).

♚ Point de vue Noirs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

hgfedcba

Plan principal. Jeu au centre (...d5 dans 65 % des parties).

Atouts. Les Noirs s'appuient sur un fou actif en c6 et la colonne semi-ouverte c.

En contrepartie. Le roi n'est pas encore à l'abri et plusieurs pièces dorment encore (le fou f8 et les tours a8 et h8).

Plans. ...d5 (Occuper le centre — 65 % des parties) ; ...Qb6 (Prépare O-O-O — 19 % des parties) ; ...e5 (Occuper le centre — 11 % des parties).

Avantages

Faiblesses

Diagonale active

Plans

Partie
1949 Moskou ch-URS – Round 1 – Liublinsky, Victor – 1/2-1/2 – Aronin, Lev – G101 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1950 Moskou ch-URS – Round 1 – Keres, Paul – 1-0 – Aronin, Lev – G65 1. e4 c5 2. Ne2 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1956 Alekhine Memorial – Round 1 – Keres, Paul Petrovich – 1/2-1/2 – Taimanov, Mark E – G63 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1956 Moscow olm fin-A – Round 6 – Darga, Klaus – 0-1 – Ivkov, Borislav – G99 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 JUG Ch – Round 21 – Rabar, Braslav – 1-0 – Janosevic, Dragoljub – G19 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 JUG Ch – Round 23 – Trifunovic, Petar – 1-0 – Janosevic, Dragoljub – G23 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Mar del Plata – Round 12 – Keres, Paul – 1-0 – Cuellar Gacharna, Miguel – G108 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Mar del Plata – Round 14 – Rossetto, Hector – 1-0 – Incutto, Carlos – G120 1. e4 c5 2. Ne2 Nc6 3. Nbc3 Nf6 4. d4 cxd4 5. Nxd4 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Mar del Plata – Round 4 – Keres, Paul Petrovich – 1/2-1/2 – Najdorf, Miguel – G47 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Mar del Plata – Round 8 – Keres, Paul – 1-0 – Wexler, Bernardo – G76 1. e4 c5 2. Ne2 Nf6 3. Nbc3 Nc6 4. d4 cxd4 5. Nxd4 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Minsk zt – Round 1 – Uusi, Gunnar – 1/2-1/2 – Shagalovich, Abo – G5 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Moskou ch-URS – Round 19 – Bannik, Anatolij – 1-0 – Aronin, Lev – G193 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Moskou ch-URS – Round 19 – Mikenas, Vladas – 1/2-1/2 – Petrosian, Tigran A. – G191 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Rio de Janeiro zt – Round 1 – Sanguineti, Raúl Carlos – 1-0 – Letelier Martner, Rene – G63 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Sombor – Round 15 – Rabar, Braslav – 1-0 – Djurasevic, Bozidar – G147 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 Sombor – Round 17 – Trifunovic, Petar – 1/2-1/2 – Djurasevic, Bozidar – G167 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 UKR Ch – Round ? – Zurakhov, Vladlen Y – 1/2-1/2 – Kogan, Efim – G11 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1957 URS Ch, semi final – Round 15 – Sakharov, Yuri G. – 0-1 – Nikolaevsky, Yuri V – G136 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1958 Munich olm prel – Round 2 – Tringov, Georgi P – 1-0 – Reissman, Paul – G50 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1958 Riga ch-URS – Round 15 – Boleslavsky, Isaac – 1/2-1/2 – Averbakh, Yuri L – G124 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 a6 7. Qd2 e6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1958 Sarajevo ch YUG – Round 17 – Janosevic, Dragoljub – 1/2-1/2 – Djurasevic, Bozidar – G27 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1959 Mar del Plata – Round 1 – Redolfi, Argentino Rodolfo – 0-1 – Ivkov, Borislav – G57 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1960 Leipzig olm fin-A – Round 3 – Unzicker, Wolfgang – 1/2-1/2 – Ghitescu, Theodor – G52 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1960 Leningrad Baltic Nat – Round 6 – Gipslis, Aivars – 1-0 – Kondratiev, Pavel E – G9 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1960 Leningrad ch-URS – Round 2 – Liberzon, Vladimir M – 1-0 – Sakharov, Yuri G. – G17 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1961 URS Ch sf Batumi GEO – Round ? – Grushevsky, Alexander – 1/2-1/2 – Roizman, Abram Y – G35 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1962 Olympiad Varna BUL – Round 8 – Unzicker, Wolfgang – 1-0 – Johansson Rexner, Melker – G46 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1962 Whitby ch-BCF – Round 8 – Payne, Robert – 0-1 – Kottnauer, Cenek – G87 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1964 Moscow RUS – Round 5 – Gipslis, Aivars – 1-0 – Soloviev, Vladimir A – G14 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1965 Corr W-05ch – Round ? – Zagorovsky, Vladimir – 1/2-1/2 – Rokhlin, Yakov G – G7 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1968 Athens – Round ? – Parma, Bruno – 1-0 – Mihaljcisin, Mihajlo – G17 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1968 Belgrade – Round 1 – Khasin, Abram – 1-0 – Yoffie, Marc – G37 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
1968 Corr – Round ? – Zagorovsky, Vladimir – 1/2-1/2 – Rokhlin, Yakov G – G9 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
84. Tata Steel Masters 2022 – Round 13.6 – Grandelius, Nils – 1/2-1/2 – Duda, Jan-Krzysztof – G86 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
FIDE Candidates 2022 – Round 13.1 – Nepomniachtchi, Ian – 1/2-1/2 – Rapport, Richard – G48 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O Bd7 9. Nxc6 Bxc6 10. f3 h6
Hoogovens 1996 – Round 4 – Tiviakov, Sergei – 1/2-1/2 – Shirov, Alexei – G20 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 Nf6 4. Nc3 cxd4 5. Nxd4 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
Interpolis 1993 – Round 1 – Minasian, Artashes – 1/2-1/2 – Yudasin, Leonid – G30 1. e4 c5 2. Nc3 Nc6 3. Nf3 d6 4. d4 cxd4 5. Nxd4 Nf6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
Madrid 1993 – Round 1 – Topalov, Veselin – 1/2-1/2 – Salov, Valery – G4 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
Madrid 1993 – Round 8 – Topalov, Veselin – 1/2-1/2 – San Segundo Carrillo, Pablo – G35 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
Manila Interzonal 1990 – Round 13 – Khalifman, Alexander – 1/2-1/2 – Shirov, Alexei – G218 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
Sicilian Polugaevsky Tournament, Buenos 1994 – Round 9 – Karpov, Anatoly – 0-1 – Salov, Valery – G3 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6
World Cup 1989 – Round 4 – Huebner, Robert – 1/2-1/2 – Salov, Valery – G54 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O h6 9. Bf4 Bd7 10. Nxc6 Bxc6

B66h — Richter-Rauzer (1949)

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6 7.Qd2 a6 8.O-O-O h6 9.Bf4 Bd7 10.Nxc6 Bxc6 11.f3

Les coups candidats

11…d5 — 85.9% (663 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Kotronias, Vasilios (11x), Kholmov, Ratmir D (11x), Lanka, Zigurds (10x), Lerner, Konstantin Z (9x), Ernst, Thomas (8x), Dlugy, Maxim (8x), Atalik, Suat (7x), Stefansson, Hannes (6x)

11…e5 — 5.7% (44 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Unzicker, Ferdinand, Dr. (1x), Johansson, Martin 1979 (1x), Rabar, Braslav (1x), Djurasevic, Bozidar (1x), Redolfi, Argentino Rodolfo (1x), Ivkov, Borislav (1x), Johansson, Ingi (1x), Busek, Hans (1x)

11…Qb6 — 5.2% (40 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Djurasevic, Bozidar (2x), Unzicker, Ferdinand, Dr. (2x), Gipslis, Aivars (2x), Pustina, Ylvi (2x), Tukmakov, Vladimir B (2x), Csom, Istvan (2x), Uusi, Gunnar (1x), Shagalovich, Abo (1x)

11…Qa5 — 3.1% (24 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Chernyshov, Konstantin (6x), Yuan, Zhilin (1x), Shamkovich, Leonid (1x), Volchok, Alexandr (1x), Stein, Leonid (1x), Horvath, Jozsef (1x), Dlugy, Maxim (1x), Dudek, Richard (1x)

Analyse statistique des coups candidats

Répartition par niveau Elo (% des parties)

Tranche Elo	N parties	11…d5	11…e5	11…Qb6	11…Qa5
<1800	9	100%	—	—	—
1800-2200	129	83%	8%	2%	7%
2200-2600	472	90%	5%	3%	3%
2600+	19	89%	—	11%	—

Évolution par décennie (% des parties)

Décennie	N parties	11…d5	11…e5	11…Qb6	11…Qa5
1950s	29	55%	24%	17%	3%
1960s	23	48%	9%	39%	4%
1970s	51	65%	8%	22%	4%
1980s	56	77%	9%	11%	4%
1990s	354	94%	2%	1%	2%
2000s	169	88%	6%	2%	5%
2010s	60	87%	10%	—	3%
2020s	30	87%	7%	3%	3%

Tendances récentes (2010s → 2020s)

Coup	2010s	2020s	Δ
11…d5	87%	87%	+0.0%
11…e5	10%	7%	▼ -3.3%
11…Qb6	0%	3%	▲ +3.3%
11…Qa5	3%	3%	+0.0%

Joueurs célèbres

Champions du monde dans cette position

Tal, Mikhail — 2 parties
Kramnik, Vladimir — 2 parties
Karpov, Anatoly — 2 parties
Anand, Viswanathan — 1 partie

Parties historiques

11…d5 — 85.9% (663 parties)

1950 — Keres, Paul vs Aronin, Lev — 1-0 — Moskou ch-URS
1955 — Rittner, Horst vs Bondarevsky, Igor — 1/2-1/2 — olm3 corr5562
1956 — Keres, Paul Petrovich vs Taimanov, Mark — 1/2-1/2 — Moscow RUS
1956 — Darga, Klaus vs Ivkov, Borislav — 0-1 — Moskou olm
1957 — Zurakhov, Vladlen Y vs Franklin Kagoni — 1/2-1/2 — Kiev UKR

11…e5 — 5.7% (44 parties)

1950 — Johansson, Ingi vs Busek, Hans — 1-0 — Dubrovnik olm
1957 — Rabar, Braslav vs Djurasevic, Bozidar — 1-0 — Sombor
1957 — Sanguineti, Raúl Carlos vs Letelier Martner, Rene — 1-0 — Rio de Janeiro BRA
1957 — Bannik, Anatolij vs Aronin, Lev — 1-0 — Moskou ch-URS
1957 — Lazarevic, Milunka vs Jovanovic Nedelikovic, Verica — 1-0 — Venice ITA

11…Qb6 — 5.2% (40 parties)

1957 — Uusi, Gunnar vs Shagalovich, Abo — 1/2-1/2 — Minsk BLR
1958 — Janosevic, Dragoljub vs Djurasevic, Bozidar — 1/2-1/2 — Sarajevo ch YUG
1958 — Tal, Mikhail vs Djurasevic, Bozidar — 0-1 — Varna BUL
1958 — Boleslavsky, Isaac vs Averbakh, Yuri L — 1/2-1/2 — Riga ch-URS
1959 — Zvorykina, Kira Alekseyevna vs Bykova, Elizaveta — 0-1 — Moscow RUS

11…Qa5 — 3.1% (24 parties)

1957 — Yuan, Zhilin vs Shamkovich, Leonid — 0-1 — Krasnodar RUS
1960 — Volchok, Alexandr vs Stein, Leonid — 1/2-1/2 — ?
1976 — Padevsky, Nikola vs Diaz, Joaquin — 1-0 — Vrnjacka Banja SRB
1978 — Dudek, Richard vs Jagodzinski, Waldemar — 1/2-1/2 — Bydgoszcz POL
1982 — Mariotti, Sergio vs Robatsch, Karl — 1/2-1/2 — Rome ITA

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