A76a — Benoni: Classical, Main Line

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 O-O 9.O-O Re8 * ○ Trait aux Blancs

Ouverture — Centre fermé

♔ Point de vue Blancs

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

abcdefgh

Atouts. Les Blancs s'appuient sur une majorité de pions à l'centre (2 contre 1), les cases fortes b5 et g5, un fou actif en e2, la paire de fous et la colonne semi-ouverte c.

Côté adverse. Le fou enfermé en c8.

En contrepartie. Plusieurs pièces dorment encore (le fou c1 et la tour a1).

Plans. Bg5 (Clouer Nf6) ; h3 (Empêcher ...Bg4) ; Tour sur colonne c.

♚ Point de vue Noirs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

hgfedcba

Atouts. Les Noirs s'appuient sur une majorité de pions à l'aile_dame (3 contre 2), les cases fortes g4 et e5, un avant-poste en e5, la paire de fous et la colonne semi-ouverte e.

Côté adverse. Le fou enfermé en c1 et un mauvais fou en e2.

En contrepartie. Plusieurs pièces dorment encore (le cavalier b8, le fou c8 et la tour a8).

Plans. ...Nbd7 (Développer Nb8) ; ...Bg4 (Développer Bc8, clouer Nf3) ; ...c4 (Rupture) ; Tour sur colonne e.

Avantages

Faiblesses adverses

Diagonale active

Plans

Structure de pions

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Pions doublés	—	—
Pions isolés	—	—
Arriérés	—	—
Chaînes	● e4→d5	● d6→c5, f7→g6, h7→g6
Passés	—	—
Majorité	● centre 2v1	● aile_dame 3v2

Cases

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Cases fortes	● b5 (2v0), ● g5 (2v0)	● g4 (2v0), ● e5 (2v1)
Cases faibles	● e4	● d5
Centre	● d4 (2v1), ● d5 (3v1)	● e4 (2v1), ● e5 (2v1)

Colonnes et diagonales

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Semi-ouvertes	● c	● e

Pièces

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Bc1	● Bc1 Non développé (mob. 5)
Be2	● Be2 Actif (mob. 4)
Bg7		● Bg7 Ok (mob. 3)
Bc8		● Bc8 Non développé (mob. 5)
Paire de fous	● Oui	● Oui
Non développées	2 (c1, a1)	3 (b8, c8, a8)

Sécurité du roi

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Statut	● Roqué	● Roqué
Droits de roque	—	—

Thèmes

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Phase	Ouverture
Centre	fermé
Ruptures	● e4-e5	● …c5-c4

Partie
1952 Helsinki olm – Round 1 – Lokvenc, Josef – 1-0 – Czerniak, Magdalena – G44 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Be2 Bg7 8. Nf3 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 b6
1952 URS ch sf – Round 2 – Cherepkov, Alexander V – 0-1 – Chaplinsky, Edgar – G10 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 g6 6. Nf3 d6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1954 Kiev ch-URS – Round 1 – Flohr, Salo – 1/2-1/2 – Sokolsky, Alexey – G41 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nf3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1954 Olympiad prel III – Round 1 – Raizman, Maurice – 1/2-1/2 – Czerniak, Magdalena – G5 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 b6
1955 CSR Ch Army – Round 12 – Alster, Ladislav – 1-0 – Fischl, Kamilla – G15 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 e6 3. d4 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nf3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 a6
1955 Moscow Ch – Round 13 – Ragozin, Viacheslav – 0-1 – Shcherbakov, Vitaly – G81 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1958 BUL Ch – Round ? – Padevsky, Nikola – 1-0 – Orev, Petar – G20 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1958 HUN Ch 13th – Round 7 – Hajtun, Jozsef – 0-1 – Honfi, Karoly – G56 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 e6 3. d4 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nf3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1958 Riga ch-URS – Round 1 – Averbakh, Yuri L – 0-1 – Tal, Mikhail – G26 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Be2 Bg7 8. Nf3 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1958 Torneo de las Americas 1st – Round 3 – Sanchez Luis Augusto – 1/2-1/2 – Najdorf, Miguel – G16 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nc3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 a6
1959 Riga – Round 2 – Klasup, Karlis – 0-1 – Tal, Mikhail – G57 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1960 Club Ladder – Round ? – Mueller, E.H. – 1-0 – Blackstone, John – G3 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nc3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Bg5 Na6
1960 Ljubljana – Round 3 – Vukovic, Maksimilijan – 0-1 – Matulovic, Milan – G31 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 g6 4. Nc3 d6 5. Nf3 Bg7 6. e4 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1961 Maroczy Memorial – Round 1 – Filip, Marius Liviu – 1/2-1/2 – Bilek, Istvan – G11 1. d4 g6 2. e4 c5 3. d5 Bg7 4. c4 d6 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1961 Oberhausen etc – Round 10 – Filip, Marius Liviu – 1-0 – Toran Albero, Roman – G242 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 g6 6. e4 d6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1962 Asztalos Memorial 5th – Round 3 – Fazekas, Stephan – 0-1 – Portisch, Lajos – G18 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1962 Erevan ch-URS – Round 1 – Kots, Yuri I – 1-0 – Khodos, German – G143 1. e4 g6 2. d4 Bg7 3. c4 c5 4. d5 d6 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1962 Mar del Plata KIM – Round 8 – Cruz, Raul C. – 1-0 – Goldenberg, Edgardo – G20 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 g6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. e4 d6 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1962 Marianske Lazne – Round 2 – Kluger, Gyula – 1/2-1/2 – Tringov, Georgi P – G15 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1963 Hoogovens – Round 2 – Armoon Tan, Hooman – 1-0 – Milic, Bozidar – G22 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 a6
1964 ARG Ch – Round 3 – Cruz, Raul C. – 1/2-1/2 – Schweber, Samuel – G8 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 g6 4. Nc3 Bg7 5. e4 d6 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1964 Buenos Aires ch-ARG – Round 16 – Cruz, Raul C. – 1-0 – Palermo, Vicente – G10 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 g6 4. Nc3 d6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1964 Capablanca Memorial – Round 17 – Stahlberg, Gideon – 1/2-1/2 – Padevsky, Nikola – G170 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nf3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1965 Aalborg – Round 10 – Hansen, Victor – 1/2-1/2 – Holm, Sejer – G61 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 g6 6. e4 d6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1965 Buenos Aires ch-ARG – Round 5 – Luckis, Marcos – 1/2-1/2 – Calneggia, Raul – G39 1. d4 c5 2. d5 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Be2 Bg7 8. Nf3 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1965 Mar del Plata – Round 3 – Najdorf, Miguel – 1-0 – Acosta Garcia, Rafael Isaac – G24 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 g6 6. e4 d6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 a6
1965 Mar del Plata – Round 7 – Aguayo Cruz, Ramon Uriel – 1-0 – Stein, Leon Rico – G56 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Be2 O-O 7. Nf3 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1965 Tallinn ch-URS – Round 1 – Kuzmin, Gennadiy – 1-0 – Gufeld, Eduard – G50 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Be2 O-O 7. Nf3 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1966 Hungary – Round 1 – Portisch, Ferenc – 1-0 – Polgar, Istvan – G25 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1966 La Habana olm fin-B – Round 4 – Ree, Hans – 1/2-1/2 – Keene, Raymond D – G57 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Be2 O-O 7. Nf3 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Bg4
1966 Sarajevo – Round 5 – Pachman, Ludek – 1-0 – Gasic, Bozidar – G15 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Bg4
1966 Titovo Uzice – Round 1 – Pachman, Ludek – 1/2-1/2 – Soos, Balint – G18 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1966 Titovo Uzice – Round 1 – Ree, Hans – 0-1 – Tringov, Georgi P – G17 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1967 Budapest Bajnogsag 8th – Round 12 – Eperjesi, Laszlo Dr. – 0-1 – Forintos, Gyozo V – G72 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1967 Copenhagen – Round 4 – Andersen, Borge – 0-1 – Pfleger, Helmut, Dr. – G34 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nc3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1967 POL Team Ch 20th – Round 4 – Dzieciolowski, Adam – 0-1 – Filipowicz, Andrzej – G21 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 a6
1967 Sousse Interzonal – Round 18 – Hort, Vlastimil – 1-0 – Bouaziz, Slim – G164 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1967 Sousse Interzonal – Round 18 – Korchnoi, Viktor – 1-0 – Bilek, Istvan – G162 1. c4 c5 2. Nf3 g6 3. d4 Bg7 4. d5 Nf6 5. Nc3 O-O 6. e4 d6 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1968 Lugano ol (Men) qual-A – Round 3 – Korchnoi, Viktor – 1-0 – Cordovil, Joao – G12 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. d5 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nf3 g6 7. e4 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1968 Skopje/Ohrid – Round 16 – Portisch, Lajos – 1-0 – Janosevic, Dragoljub – G131 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1968 Skopje/Ohrid – Round 17 – Polugaevsky, Lev – 1/2-1/2 – Matulovic, Milan – G139 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 d6 4. Nc3 g6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1968 Skopje/Ohrid – Round 8 – Hort, Vlastimil – 1-0 – Nicevski, Risto – G63 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1968 Sombor – Round 1 – Kluger, Gyula – 0-1 – Matulovic, M. – G5 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 g6 4. Nc3 d6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1968 Yugoslavia – Round 1 – Bukic, Enver – 1-0 – Kovacevic, Veljko – G4 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4. Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. e4 g6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 O-O 9. O-O Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1969 Raach zt – Round 1 – Portisch, Lajos – 1-0 – Adamski, Jan – G5 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 g6 4. Nc3 Bg7 5. e4 d6 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
1969 Sarajevo – Round 9 – Gliksman, Darko – 1-0 – Janosevic, Dragoljub – G62 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 g6 4. Nc3 d6 5. e4 Bg7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Be2 e6 8. O-O exd5 9. cxd5 Re8 10. Qc2 Na6
Tashkent FIDE GP 2014 – Round 3.3 – Mamedyarov, Shakhriyar – 1-0 – Gelfand, Boris – G15 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nf3 Bg7 4. e3 O-O 5. Be2 c5 6. d5 d6 7. O-O e6 8. Nc3 exd5 9. cxd5 Bg4 10. e4 Re8

A76a — Classical Main Line

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 O-O 9.O-O Re8

Eval: [+0.66]

Les coups candidats

10.Nd2 — 80.2% (2597 parties) →

Ambassadeurs : Donner, Jan-Hein (23x), Velimirovic, Dragoljub (18x), ? (17x), Gligoric, Svetozar (16x), Beliavsky, Alexander G (15x), Matulovic, Milan (13x), Janosevic, Dragoljub (13x), Portisch, Lajos (12x)

10.Qc2 — 17.5% (567 parties) →

Ambassadeurs : Eperjesi, Laszlo Dr. (7x), Janosevic, Dragoljub (6x), Kluger, Gyula (4x), Matulovic, Milan (4x), Brond, Victor (4x), ? (4x), Portisch, Lajos (4x), Korchnoi, Viktor (3x)

10.Bg5 — 0.9% (30 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Mueller, E.H. (1x), Blackstone, John (1x), Minguzzi Walter (1x), Massetti, Gianfranco (1x), Astacio Colon, Angel G. (1x), Bouaziz, Salim (1x), Gola, Martin (1x), Szkatula, Leszek (1x)

10.Bd3 — 0.7% (24 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Campelli, Cris (2x), Reissman, Paul (1x), Soos, Balint (1x), Naftel, S. (1x), Lobigas, Julian (1x), Wall, Bill (1x), de Wall, Robert (1x), Velichkov, J. (1x)

Analyse statistique des coups candidats

Répartition par niveau Elo (% des parties)

Tranche Elo	N parties	10.Nd2	10.Qc2	10.Bg5	10.Bd3
<1800	76	54%	33%	5%	7%
1800-2200	880	74%	22%	1%	1%
2200-2600	1051	89%	10%	0%	0%
2600+	16	100%	—	—	—

Évolution par décennie (% des parties)

Décennie	N parties	10.Nd2	10.Qc2	10.Bg5	10.Bd3
1950s	55	67%	33%	—	—
1960s	227	76%	23%	0%	0%
1970s	478	85%	14%	0%	0%
1980s	522	90%	9%	—	0%
1990s	487	83%	15%	1%	1%
2000s	729	75%	21%	2%	1%
2010s	663	74%	22%	2%	1%
2020s	76	82%	16%	3%	—

Tendances récentes (2010s → 2020s)

Coup	2010s	2020s	Δ
10.Nd2	74%	82%	▲ +7.4%
10.Qc2	22%	16%	▼ -6.5%
10.Bg5	2%	3%	▲ +1.1%
10.Bd3	1%	0%	▼ -1.1%

Joueurs célèbres

Champions du monde dans cette position

Tal, Mikhail — 10 parties
Carlsen, Magnus — 1 partie

Parties historiques

10.Nd2 — 80.2% (2597 parties)

1950 — Boleslavsky, Isaac vs Nezhmetdinov, Rashid — 1/2-1/2 — Gorky
1950 — Ragozin, Viacheslav vs Aratovsky, Nikolay — 1/2-1/2 — Kiev UKR
1951 — Budo Mayol, Albert vs Aronin, Lev — 1-0 — Moscow RUS
1951 — Mueller, Hans vs Czerniak, Moshe — 0-1 — Vienna AUT
1954 — Zelinsky, Yuri vs Vedenski N — 0-1 — Riga LAT

10.Qc2 — 17.5% (567 parties)

1952 — Lokvenc, Josef vs Czerniak, Magdalena — 1-0 — Helsinki FIN
1952 — Cherepkov, Alexander V vs Chaplinsky, Edgar — 0-1 — Riga LAT
1953 — Averbakh, Yuri L vs Tolush, Alexander V — 1-0 — Garga
1954 — Flohr, Salo vs Sokolsky, Alexey — 1/2-1/2 — Kiev ch-URS
1954 — Raizman, Maurice vs Czerniak, Magdalena — 1/2-1/2 — Amsterdam NED

10.Bg5 — 0.9% (30 parties)

1960 — Mueller, E.H. vs Blackstone, John — 1-0 — San Jose, CA USA
1970 — Astacio Colon, Angel G. vs Bouaziz, Salim — 0-1 — Siegen GER
1976 — Minguzzi Walter vs Massetti, Gianfranco — 1/2-1/2 — ?
1992 — Jacobsen, Kurt vs Bertelsen, Preben — 1/2-1/2 — Norresundby
1997 — Ciarlo, M. vs Gagliardi, Pietro — 0-1 — Italy

10.Bd3 — 0.7% (24 parties)

1968 — Reissman, Paul vs Soos, Balint — 1-0 — Lugano SUI
1970 — Naftel, S. vs Lobigas, Julian — 0-1 — Siegen GER
1983 — Wall, Bill vs Campelli, Cris — 1-0 — ?
1983 — de Wall, Robert vs Campelli, Cris — 1-0 — Dayton, OH USA
1991 — Oldernes, Harald vs Joki Steffen — 1-0 — ?

Fin du contenu

Aucune page supplémentaire à charger

Articles plus anciens →