A16k — English: Anglo-Gruenfeld, 3.cxd5

1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5 3.cxd5 * ● Trait aux Noirs

Ouverture — Centre semi-ouvert

♔ Point de vue Blancs

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

abcdefgh

Avantages : majorité centre (3v1), paire de fous, colonne c.
Faiblesses adverses : Bc8 enfermé, Bf8 enfermé, roi noir au centre.
Problèmes : roi au centre, Bc1 enfermé, Bf1 enfermé, 5 pièces non développées (G1, C1, F1, A1, H1).
Plans :
● O-O — Mettre le roi en sécurité, connecter les tours
● e4 — Centre d4+e4, menace e5, libère Bf1
● Nf3 — Développer Ng1
● d3 — Libérer Bc1
● Rc — Tour sur colonne c

♚ Point de vue Noirs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

hgfedcba

Avantages : majorité aile_dame (3v2), case forte g4, case forte d5, paire de fous, colonne d.
Faiblesses adverses : Bc1 enfermé, Bf1 enfermé, roi blanc au centre.
Problèmes : roi au centre, Bc8 enfermé, Bf8 enfermé, 5 pièces non développées (B8, C8, F8, A8, H8).
Plans :
● O-O — Mettre le roi en sécurité, connecter les tours
● ...Nbd7 — Développer Nb8
● ...Bf5 — Développer Bc8
● ...Bd6 — Développer Bf8
● ...c6 — Rupture

Avantages

Faiblesses adverses

Diagonale active

Plans

Structure de pions

A16k — Anglo-Gruenfeld

1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5 3.cxd5

Eval: [+0.46]

Les coups candidats

3…Nxd5 — 99.8% (10178 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Mikhalevski, Victor (41x), Banas, Jan (33x), Konopka, Michal (30x), Miezis, Normunds (27x), Yandemirov, Valeri (26x), Gutman, Lev (22x), Uhlmann, Wolfgang (22x), Kirov, Nino (20x)

3…c6 — 0.2% (17 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Kuppe (1x), Caceres Richter, Dylan (1x), Nikolic, Stanimir (1x), Pantos, Nenad (1x), Leer, Kristoffer (1x), Salvesen K (1x), Teboul, Rene (1x), Sireta, Bertrand (1x)

3…e6 — 0.0% (4 parties)

Ambassadeurs : De Santis, Tommaso (1x), Abdul Malek, Z. (1x), Lambrecht, Carlos Roberto (1x), Trevis, Robert (1x), Hu, Jason (1x), Stevens, Tristan (1x), Renzi, Fabrizio (1x), Lanotte, Francesco (1x)

3…Bf5 — 0.0% (1 parties)

Ambassadeurs : Dunn, Andrew (1x), Mcgregor, Lindsay A (1x)

Analyse statistique des coups candidats

Répartition par niveau Elo (% des parties)

Tranche Elo	N parties	3…Nxd5	3…c6	3…e6	3…Bf5
<1800	285	99%	1%	—	—
1800-2200	3644	100%	0%	0%	0%
2200-2600	3936	100%	0%	—	—
2600+	145	100%	—	—	—

Évolution par décennie (% des parties)

Décennie	N parties	3…Nxd5	3…c6	3…e6	3…Bf5
1920s	11	100%	—	—	—
1930s	35	97%	3%	—	—
1940s	54	100%	—	—	—
1950s	155	100%	—	—	—
1960s	196	100%	—	—	—
1970s	517	100%	0%	—	—
1980s	705	100%	—	—	0%
1990s	1919	100%	0%	0%	—
2000s	2814	100%	0%	0%	—
2010s	3209	100%	0%	—	—
2020s	587	100%	0%	—	—

Tendances récentes (2010s → 2020s)

Coup	2010s	2020s	Δ
3…Nxd5	100%	100%	+0.1%
3…c6	0%	0%	-0.1%
3…e6	0%	0%	+0.0%
3…Bf5	0%	0%	+0.0%

Joueurs célèbres

Champions du monde dans cette position

Botvinnik, Mikhail — 9 parties
Tal, Mikhail — 8 parties
Smyslov, Vladimir — 7 parties
Karpov, Anatoly — 4 parties
Karpov, Aleksandr — 3 parties
Kasparov, Garry — 3 parties
Alekhine, Alexander — 1 partie
Euwe, Max — 1 partie
Carlsen, Magnus — 1 partie
Kramnik, Vladimir — 1 partie
Gukesh D — 1 partie

Parties historiques

3…Nxd5 — 99.8% (10178 parties)

1923 — Seitz, Jakob Adolf vs Norman, George — 0-1 — Hastings ENG
1925 — Reti, Richard vs Opocensky, Karel — 1-0 — Konin
1925 — West, John Elliott vs Oppenheim, Alexander — 1-0 — City of London CC
1926 — David Kramer, Eugene Jhon vs Ruster — 1-0 — Altheide
1926 — Kostic, Boris vs Hoenlinger, Baldur — 1/2-1/2 — Trencianske Teplice SVK

3…c6 — 0.2% (17 parties)

1938 — Kuppe vs Caceres Richter, Dylan — 0-1 — Berlin GER
1974 — Nikolic, Stanimir vs Pantos, Nenad — 1-0 — Sarajevo BIH
1991 — Leer, Kristoffer vs Salvesen K — 0-1 — Randaberg
1994 — Teboul, Rene vs Sireta, Bertrand — 1/2-1/2 — AJEC/1228 corr
1999 — Kohl Herbert vs Nurmi, Peter — 0-1 — Zurich SUI

3…e6 — 0.0% (4 parties)

1990 — De Santis, Tommaso vs Abdul Malek, Z. — 1/2-1/2 — Rome open
2005 — Hu, Jason vs Stevens, Tristan — 1-0 — Sydney AUS
2006 — Renzi, Fabrizio vs Lanotte, Francesco — 1-0 — Gorgonzola ITA
2007 — Lambrecht, Carlos Roberto vs Trevis, Robert — 1-0 — ?

3…Bf5 — 0.0% (1 parties)

1989 — Dunn, Andrew vs Mcgregor, Lindsay A — 1-0 — Edinburgh SCO

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Pions doublés	● d2, ● d5	—
Pions isolés	—	—
Arriérés	—	—
Chaînes	—	—
Passés	—	—
Majorité	● centre 3v1	● aile_dame 3v2

Cases

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Cases fortes	—	● g4 (2v0), ● d5 (2v1)
Cases faibles	—	—
Centre	—	● d5 (2v1)

Colonnes et diagonales

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Semi-ouvertes	● c	● d

Pièces

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Bc1	● Bc1 Non développé (mob. 0)
Bf1	● Bf1 Non développé (mob. 0)
Bc8		● Bc8 Non développé (mob. 5)
Bf8		● Bf8 Non développé (mob. 0)
Paire de fous	● Oui	● Oui
Non développées	5 (g1, c1, f1, a1, h1)	5 (b8, c8, f8, a8, h8)

Sécurité du roi

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Statut	● Au centre !	● Au centre !
Droits de roque	O-O / O-O-O	O-O / O-O-O

Thèmes

	♔ Blancs	♚ Noirs
Phase	Ouverture
Centre	semi-ouvert
Ruptures	● d2-d3, ● e2-e3, ● f2-f3	● …c7-c6, ● …c7-c5, ● …e7-e6, ● …e7-e5

Partie
1928 It BSG Berlin GER – Round 2 – Nimzowitsch, Aron – 1-0 – Koch, Berthold – G5 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 Nxc3 5. bxc3 Bd7 6. f4 c5 7. Bg2 Bc6 8. e4 Qd3 9. Nh3 g6 10. Nf2 Qa6
1935 Warsaw olm – Round 15 – Alexander Ronald Cheng – 1-0 – Dobkin, Iosef – G56 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. Bc4 N8c6 6. Nf3 Nd3+ 7. Ke2 Nde5 8. Nxe5 Nxe5 9. d4 Nxc4 10. Qa4+ Qd7
1936 Podebrady – Round ? – Opocensky, Karel – 0-1 – Menchik, Vera – G64 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. Bc4 Nd3+ 6. Bxd3 Qxd3 7. Qe2 Qxe2+ 8. Ngxe2 e5 9. d4 exd4 10. Nxd4 c6
1938 FRA Ch – Round 5 – Gromer, Aristide – 1-0 – Bergraser, Volf – G13 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 c6 5. d4 g6 6. Bg2 Bg7 7. Nf3 O-O 8. O-O Nd7 9. e4 N5b6 10. Bf4 c5
1940 Moskou ch-URS – Round 1 – Stolberg, Mark Moiseevich – 1/2-1/2 – Dubinin, Peter – G4 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 c5 6. Bb5+ Bd7 7. Bxd7+ Qxd7 8. d4 cxd4 9. cxd4 e6 10. Nf3 Bb4+
1945 Novi Sad – Round 2 – Trifunovic, Petar – 1-0 – Popovic, Vojislav – G46 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 Nxc3 5. bxc3 c5 6. Bg2 Qc7 7. Nf3 Nc6 8. O-O e5 9. d4 Be7 10. Nxe5 Nxe5
1945 USSR ch sf – Round 8 – Aronin, Lev – 1/2-1/2 – Bronstein, David I – G11 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. Nf3 Nd3+ 6. Bxd3 Qxd3 7. Ne5 Qd4 8. Nf3 Qd8 9. d4 g6 10. Bg5 Bg7
1946 Tbilisi – Round 1 – Mikenas, Vladas – 0-1 – Goldenov, Boris P – G2 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. Bc4 Be6 6. Bxe6 fxe6 7. Nge2 Nd3+ 8. Kf1 Nc6 9. Qb3 Qd7 10. Qxb7 Rb8
1948 South Fallsburg ch-USA – Round 1 – Rubinow, Sol – 1-0 – Santasiere, Anthony – G9 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. Nf3 N8c6 6. Bb5 Bg4 7. Qa4 Bxf3 8. Qxb4 Bxg2 9. Qa4 Qd6 10. Rg1 Bh3
1948 World Championship 18th – Round 22 – Keres, Paul – 1/2-1/2 – Smyslov, Vladimir – G9 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 g6 6. Ba3 Nd7 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. Be2 c5 9. O-O O-O 10. d4 cxd4
1951 Hastings5152 – Round 8 – Gligorić, Svetozar – 1/2-1/2 – Yanofsky, Daniel Abraham – G33 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e3 Nxc3 5. bxc3 g6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. Be2 Nd7 8. O-O O-O 9. d4 c5 10. a4 Qa5
1952 OWL Ch – Round 9 – Werner, Stephan – 0-1 – Lachmann, Hans G – G29 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 c5 6. d4 cxd4 7. cxd4 g6 8. Nf3 Bg7 9. Bb5+ Bd7 10. Bxd7+ Qxd7
1953 Toronto CC Ch – Round 7 – Sarosy, Zoltan L – 1-0 – Herbst, Henry – G7 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. d4 c6 5. e4 Nxc3 6. bxc3 e5 7. Bc4 exd4 8. Ne2 d3 9. Nf4 Be7 10. O-O O-O
1954 Leningrad master – Round ? – Gusev, Nikolay N – 0-1 – Geller, Efim P – G3 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. d3 Bg7 6. Bd2 c5 7. Bg2 Nb6 8. Nf3 Nc6 9. Qc1 c4 10. Bh6 O-O
1954 Prague zt – Round 17 – Pachman, Ludek – 1-0 – Hodja, Bujan – G94 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. O-O O-O 8. d4 Nd7 9. Nxd5 cxd5 10. Bf4 Nb8
1955 Prague tm Prague CZE – Round 5 – Kluger, Gyula – 1/2-1/2 – Sajtar, Jaroslav – G32 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 g6 6. Bc4 Bg7 7. h4 h5 8. Nf3 O-O 9. Ba3 Nc6 10. d4 Na5
1956 Dresden – Round 1 – Fuchs, Reinhart – 1/2-1/2 – Uhlmann, Wolfgang – G4 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. Nxd5 Qxd5 5. Nf3 Bg4 6. e3 Nc6 7. Be2 e5 8. h3 Bh5 9. O-O e4 10. Ne1 Bxe2
1957 Sombor – Round 20 – Ivkov, Borislav – 1-0 – Cuderman, Vinko – G190 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. O-O O-O 8. d4 Na6 9. Bg5 h6 10. Bd2 Be6
1957 Warchau ch POL – Round 17 – Brzozka, Stefan – 1-0 – Gabrys, Zygmunt – G90 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 e6 5. Bg2 Be7 6. Qb3 Nb6 7. Nf3 Nc6 8. O-O O-O 9. d3 e5 10. Be3 Be6
1959 Buenos Aires VC-30 – Round 4 – Marini, Luis – 1-0 – Kahn, Jaime – G7 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nf6 5. d4 e6 6. Nf3 Be7 7. Bd3 c5 8. dxc5 Bxc5 9. O-O h6 10. Qe2 Bd7
1959 CSR Ch – Round 8 – Kozma, Julius – 1/2-1/2 – Opocensky, Karel – G59 1. c4 d5 2. cxd5 Nf6 3. Nc3 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. d4 O-O 8. O-O Nd7 9. Nxd5 cxd5 10. Qb3 e6
1959 FRG Team Ch fin – Round 2.5 – Eising, Johannes – 1/2-1/2 – Roesner, Paul – G9 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 Nxc3 5. bxc3 Bd7 6. Bg2 Bc6 7. Nf3 e5 8. O-O Bd6 9. d4 exd4 10. cxd4 Be4
1959 Marianske Lazne – Round 14 – Herink, Miroslav – 0-1 – Radovici, Corvin – G93 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. d4 Bg7 7. e3 O-O 8. Nge2 Nb6 9. O-O e5 10. dxe5 Bxe5
1959 Marianske Lazne – Round 3 – Ujtelky, Maximilian – 1/2-1/2 – Radovici, Corvin – G18 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. O-O O-O 8. d4 Nb6 9. h3 a5 10. e4 Be6
1960 AUS Ch – Round 4.2 – Averbakh, Yuri L – 1-0 – Purdy, Cecil J S – G14 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 Nxc3 5. bxc3 c5 6. Bg2 Nc6 7. Rb1 e5 8. Qa4 Qc7 9. Bxc6+ Qxc6 10. Qxc6+ bxc6
1960 Olympiad final A – Round 10 – Bazan, Osvaldo – 0-1 – Lehmann, Heinz – G19 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 g6 6. Bc4 Bg7 7. Nf3 O-O 8. h3 b6 9. O-O Ba6 10. Qe2 Qc8
1961 CAN Ch – Round 6 – Danilov, George – 0-1 – Macskasy, Elod – G16 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. d3 e5 6. a3 N4c6 7. Be3 Be6 8. Nge2 Nd4 9. Bxd4 exd4 10. Nb1 Nc6
1961 GBR Ch 48th – Round 11.8 – Bennett, Patrick – 1/2-1/2 – Gibbs, Peter Campbell – G91 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 c5 6. Bc4 Nc6 7. Qh5 e6 8. Nf3 g6 9. Qh3 Bg7 10. O-O O-O
1961 Moskou – Round 1 – Korchnoi, Viktor – 1/2-1/2 – Simagin, Vladimir – G10 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 e6 5. Bg2 Be7 6. Qb3 Nb6 7. Nf3 O-O 8. d4 Nc6 9. e3 a5 10. a3 Bd7
1961 Zevenaar – Round 4 – Stahlberg, Gideon – 1/2-1/2 – Golombek, Harry – G36 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 Nxc3 5. bxc3 c5 6. Bg2 Qc7 7. Nf3 g6 8. d4 Bg7 9. Bf4 Qa5 10. O-O O-O
1962 Leningrad – Round 1.8 – Kushnir, Alla – 1-0 – Spikiene – G33 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 c6 5. Bg2 e6 6. Nf3 Nd7 7. O-O Be7 8. d4 O-O 9. e4 N5f6 10. Bg5 Re8
1962 Mar del Plata – Round 1 – Wexler, Bernardo – 0-1 – Rossetto, Hector – G6 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. Nxd5 cxd5 7. Qb3 e6 8. Nf3 Bg7 9. O-O O-O 10. d3 Nc6
1962 Varna olm – Round 6 – Byrne, Donald – 1-0 – Prins, Lodewijk – G248 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. d4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 e5 6. Nf3 exd4 7. cxd4 Bf5 8. e3 Bb4+ 9. Bd2 Qe7 10. Be2 O-O
1963 Buenos Aires ch-ARG – Round 11 – Rossetto, Hector – 1/2-1/2 – Schweber, Samuel – G60 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. d3 e5 6. Nf3 Bc5 7. a3 N4c6 8. Bg5 f6 9. Be3 Bb6 10. Rc1 O-O
1964 Tel Aviv olm – Round 1 – Forintos, Gyozo V – 1-0 – Perez Perez, Francisco Jose – G8 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 c6 5. Bg2 Nc7 6. Nf3 g6 7. d4 Bg7 8. e4 O-O 9. h3 Nd7 10. O-O e5
1966 La Habana olm fin-C – Round 13 – Philippe, Georges – 1/2-1/2 – Myagmarsuren, Lkhamsuren – G35 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 b6 5. Bg2 Bb7 6. Nxd5 Bxd5 7. Qa4+ c6 8. e4 b5 9. Qd4 Bc4 10. Qxd8+ Kxd8
1967 GDR Ch – Round 8 – Moehring, Guenther – 1/2-1/2 – Schmidt, Michael – G10 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Qa4+ Nc6 6. Bg2 e6 7. Nh3 Ne7 8. b4 Bg7 9. O-O O-O 10. Rb1 e5
1967 Havana Armies Ch 4th – Round 6 – Fernandez Bravo, Ciro Angel – 1-0 – Ujtumen, Tudev – G33 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 c6 5. Bg2 g6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. O-O O-O 8. e4 Nc7 9. d4 Bg4 10. Be3 e5
1968 BCF Ch Bristol ENG – Round 5 – Farrand, Tom – 1-0 – Golombek, Harry – G3 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 g6 6. Bc4 Bg7 7. Ne2 c5 8. Ba3 O-O 9. O-O Qc7 10. Rc1 Nc6
1968 POL Ch 25th – Round 13 – Zoltek, Tadeusz – 0-1 – Witkowski, Stefan – G75 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nb4 5. a3 Nd3+ 6. Bxd3 Qxd3 7. Qe2 Qd8 8. d4 c6 9. Be3 e6 10. Rd1 Qa5
1969 Netanya – Round 2 – Geller, Uzi – 1/2-1/2 – Saidy, Anthony – G16 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 Nb6 5. Nf3 g6 6. h4 h5 7. Bg2 Bg7 8. d3 N8d7 9. Qc2 c6 10. Bf4 Nf6
Dortmund 1997 – Round 2 – Topalov, Veselin – 0-1 – Polgar, Judit – G6 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. O-O O-O 8. d4 Be6 9. Na4 Na6 10. Bd2 Rc8
FIDE World Cup 2025 – Round R1 Classical 1 – Vladislav Artemiev – 1-0 – Ndahangwapo Heskiel – G4 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 c6 6. Qb3 Nf6 7. Nf3 Bg7 8. O-O O-O 9. Rd1 Qc7 10. d4 Be6
Sharjah Grand Prix 2017 – Round 9.6 – Rapport, Richard – 1/2-1/2 – Li, Chao – G78 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nxc3 5. bxc3 g6 6. h4 Bg7 7. h5 c5 8. Bb5+ Bd7 9. a4 Nc6 10. Nf3 Qc7
URS Team Ch Moscow 1972 – Round 1 – Polugaevsky, Lev – 1-0 – Savon, Vladimir Andreevichndreevich – G4 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 e6 5. Bg2 Be7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. O-O Nxc3 8. bxc3 c5 9. d4 Nc6 10. e4 cxd4

Fin du contenu

Aucune page supplémentaire à charger

Articles plus anciens →